You could do worse than seeing what Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur) and the Jewish Encyclopedia (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=497&letter=P) have to say.
In brief, the core of the services—the Shema and its blessings, the Amida, and Pesukei deZimra—go back to Talmudic times, but were not arranged in order in one book until Amram Gaon made the first siddur (only he called it Seder Rav Amram because the word siddur hadn't been invented yet). The Kaddish (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddish) is first attested there too.
The Shema is obviously Toraitic, and much of Pesukei deZimra is from the Book of Psalms. The Amida is attested in the Talmud but many of the themes, though not the words, go back to Ben Sira (http://lethargic-man.livejournal.com/173652.html).
The Torah service was originally separate from the three daily services, and was instituted by Ezra the Scribe; however, how old the paraphernalia that accompanies the reading today is, I don't know. (See also history of the Haftarah (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftarah).)
In mediaeval times a lot of piyyutim were added; many of these are no longer in today's siddur but some (Adon Olam, El Adon, etc) are.
History of Aleinu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleinu).
The Kabbolas Shabbos service was invented by the Kabbalists of Safed five hundred years ago, but the custom of reading Psalms 92 and 93 at the end were already ancient when Maimonides referred to them.
The most recent parts to be added are the Prayer for the Government (nineteenth century Germany, though obviously this takes a different form everywhere, including the quaintly Victorian Prayer for the Royal Family in United Synagogue shuls here <rolls eyes>), and the Prayer for the State of Israel (fairly obviously, twentieth century).
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Date: 2008-09-25 12:10 pm (UTC)In brief, the core of the services—the Shema and its blessings, the Amida, and Pesukei deZimra—go back to Talmudic times, but were not arranged in order in one book until Amram Gaon made the first siddur (only he called it Seder Rav Amram because the word siddur hadn't been invented yet). The Kaddish (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddish) is first attested there too.
The Shema is obviously Toraitic, and much of Pesukei deZimra is from the Book of Psalms. The Amida is attested in the Talmud but many of the themes, though not the words, go back to Ben Sira (http://lethargic-man.livejournal.com/173652.html).
The Torah service was originally separate from the three daily services, and was instituted by Ezra the Scribe; however, how old the paraphernalia that accompanies the reading today is, I don't know. (See also history of the Haftarah (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftarah).)
In mediaeval times a lot of piyyutim were added; many of these are no longer in today's siddur but some (Adon Olam, El Adon, etc) are.
History of Aleinu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleinu).
The Kabbolas Shabbos service was invented by the Kabbalists of Safed five hundred years ago, but the custom of reading Psalms 92 and 93 at the end were already ancient when Maimonides referred to them.
The most recent parts to be added are the Prayer for the Government (nineteenth century Germany, though obviously this takes a different form everywhere, including the quaintly Victorian Prayer for the Royal Family in United Synagogue shuls here <rolls eyes>), and the Prayer for the State of Israel (fairly obviously, twentieth century).
HTH.