Zoos, huh! What are they good for? (Answers on a postcard, please)

[lethargic_man]

aviva_m and I visited a zoo recently. I was reticent to go; I'm not comfortable with the incarceration of animals in small spaces—indeed, since I discovered the idea of goldfish having a seven second memory is a myth, I'm not even comfortable seeing them in a tank, unless it's as large as a pond. Consequently, we went to the larger of Berlin's two zoos, the Tierpark.

This was the first time I've been to a full-blown zoo (beyond the likes of Pet's Corner in Jesmond Dene) since I went to Whipsnade at about sixteen, and I was rather trepidatious. Once we got there, aviva_m was entranced to see the bears' antics, and I was delighted to discover that next door to the elephant enclosure one could find both hyraxes and a manatee: the elephant's closest relatives.

But.

The enclosures, though larger than, say, the 1930s-era bear pit we previously saw in Berlin,^* were all rather small compared to the amount of a room the animals would have in the wild. I was distressed to hear a tiger wailing a single plaintive note over and over again, and to see a dhole engaging in a clear example of stereotypy: the pacing or rocking back and forth that characterises animals^† kept in an environment which is too small and does not feature enough stimulation. It actually had quite a large enclosure, quite a few tens of metres on a side, and the other dholes were unaffected, but this one was running in a figure-of-eight shape ten metres in length over and over again, and had been doing so long enough to have worn a rut into the ground.

* Built because the bear is the city's emblem (due to a folk etymology deriving the first half of "Berlin" (pronounced in German like "bear-lean") from "Bӓr").

† Or humans: think of the children found in the orphanages in Romania when Ceaușescu was toppled.

I find myself wondering what justifies treating animals like that? Once upon a time zoos were the only way people could get to encounter exotic animals beyond mere pictures of them, but now there are amazing natural history programmes on TV, which will show you animals in their natural environment in a way you could never see in a zoo.

It's true that sometimes zoos are a necessity for protecting endangered animals threatened with extinction in the wild, but my experience in game reserves in South Africa showed me there is an alternative. Yes, it's more expensive to run a game reserve and shuttle people around in jeeps in the hope (not guaranteed) they'll see wild animals, but so? Do animals exist to be paraded before us at the cost of their mental health? Besides, sometimes large game reserves aren't necessary. The penguins I saw in South Africa stayed in their colony by their own choice. They could go out swimming and hunting in the sea as far as they liked, but they always came back to their nests.

Thoughts or reactions?